The former player: 'I really hoped to carry on playing'
Warning: This article includes descriptions of racially offensive language and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell states that going public to expose racism in professional rugby led his professional journey to an premature end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the game, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to end my career because of what went on," he explained to reporters.
"I hoped to continue competing, of course I did. I sought that, and it fell through when word emerged that there were inquiries going on.
"That was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the fate and accept that this whole situation is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "likely correct", but said it could not gather sufficient proof to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially overlooked for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also faced discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his first game in February 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the problem that I've myself experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a period of time you just begin to think that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not harmful, but that's nonsense."
Burrell says he was eventually spurred to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and told him to put sun cream on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the professional level and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"We has given significant attention on diversity and inclusion in rugby union and a great deal of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are continuing work with clubs and stakeholders in the elite level to strive for a culture of inclusivity but acknowledge this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
Every Prem and PWR club now has in-person education on building welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including youth squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary about his experiences.
"I know it has had this effect on you and ended your career, but in our view, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died soon after the filming of the film, and his sister died earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, maintains his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization aims to connect with young people in disadvantaged communities and help them succeed on and off the pitch with complimentary sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal motivations are genuine, I want to see the progress of the sport and if others is willing to share their story then I'll persist to fight that fight because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he explained.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the sport as excellent as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more confident others will become about discussing their personal experiences as well.
"I need to grab the challenge by the opportunity and continue bearing this banner and continue supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the game more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that the sport has the potential to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in late 2022